Archival Collections

Mexico City

Archivo General de la Nación (AGN)

Fideicomiso y Archivos Plutarco Elías Calles Fernando Torreblanca (FAPECFT)

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI)

Mediateca INAH Repositorio Histórico

The United States

Bethlehem Area Public Library, Bethlehem, PA

Boston College Archives & Special Collections

Center for Migration Studies of New York

Christ the King Catholic Church / Fr. Len Plazewski

Claretian Missionaries Digital Archive USA-Canada

Coronel Cristero Manuel Ramírez de Olivas/Luna Family Archive

Duquesne University Archives and Special Collections

Fregoso-Sandoval Family Archive

Guerrero-Ramos Family Archive

Indiana Historical Society

Internet Archive

Los Angeles Public Library

Paul Smith’s College Library Archives

Power Library Pennsylvania’s Electronic Library

The Catholic News Archive

The Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin

The National Museum of Industrial History (NMIH), Bethlehem, PA

The University of Arizona (UoA) Libraries Special Collections

University of New Mexico (UNM) Center for Southwest Research and Special Collections

University of Notre Dame (UND)/Hesburgh Libraries/Rare Books & Special Collections

Documentaries Consulted

Bethlehem Steel: The People Who Built America. Streaming Video, Documentary. Lehigh Valley PBS, 2008. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QTGiHOZZFU.

El General. Streaming Video. Icarus Films, 2009. https://vimeo.com/ondemand/elgeneral.

La guerra de los Cristeros. Streaming Video, Documentary. Televisa: Clío TV, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFlwAanDbyk.

La Reforma, tiempo eje de México: 1a. Parte. Streaming Video 2a. Parte (TV Mini Series), Documentary. Televisa: Clío TV, 2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAJ6sXycV48.

La Reforma, tiempo eje de México: 2a. Parte. Streaming Video 2a. Parte (TV Mini Series), Documentary. Televisa: Clío TV, 2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAJ6sXycV48.

La Revolución Mexicana.  La Reacción capítulo II. Documentary. Televisa: Clío TV, n.d. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCj6pRPjrEQ&t=0s.

La Revolución Mexicana. La guerra civil, capítulo III. Documentary. Televisa: Clío TV, n.d. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jj8POYmkG1s&t=0s.

La Revolución Mexicana. La sublevación, capítulo I. Documentary. Televisa: Clío TV, n.d. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UvWwdPpY0I&t=0s.

La Revolución Mexicana: La victoria, capítulo IV. Documentary. Televisa: Clío TV, n.d. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlt_nHks32U&t=0s.

La Utopia Tabasqueña de Tomás Garrido Canabal. Streaming Video, Documentary. Televisa: Clío TV, 2004. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0Tp9FqizwA.

Los hombres de la Revolución. Streaming Video, Documentary. Televisa: Clío TV, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lt5qCM66EU.

Mexico: Past and Present-Plutarco Elias Calles. Streaming Video. POV Season 23. Public Broadcasting Service, 2023. https://www.pbs.org/video/pov-mexico-past-and-present-plutarco-elias-calles/.

The Storm That Swept Mexico. Streaming Video, Documentary, History, War. Paradigm Productions, 2011.

Digital Projects Consulted

Aleman, Selena. “Texas State Council Origins: 120 Years Ago, a Group of 25 Men Traveled Across Texas for Nine Days to Establish Mother Councils in the State’s Largest Cities.” Storymaps. Texas State Council Origins, May 4, 2023. https://storymaps.com/stories/9e30c5bbf66d4cdb86cc4b0fc4cb3ba7.

Butler, Matthew. “Conserving Indigenous Memories of Land Privatisation in Mexico: Michoacán’s Libros de Hijuelas, 1719-1929.” British Library: Endangered Archives Programme, September 6, 2017. https://eap.bl.uk/project/EAP931.

Collections, A. Rhetorical Arts Student-Curated Digital Exhibit with Archives and Special. “Entre Dos Mundos: Strength and Resilience in the Venegas Family.” ArcGIS StoryMaps. Loyola Marymount University William H. Hannon Library, May 3, 2021. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/cd5404582da94167876fa8ebc129f127.

Davis, Erika. “From PR to PA.” ArcGIS StoryMaps, August 31, 2022. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/9211623bd14d47a48772340fad8062a1.

Enslaved: Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade. “Explore or Reconstruct the Lives of Individuals Who Were Enslaved, Owned Slaves, or Participated in the Historical Trade.” Accessed November 2, 2023. https://enslaved.org/.

Fischer-Hoffman, Cory, and Javier Rojas. “Digging up Bethlehem Steel’s History in Latin America: Chile and Transnational Flows of Raw Materials and People.” Digital Exhibit. Digging up Bethlehem Steel’s History in Latin America. Accessed December 7, 2023. https://chile.nmih.org/.

Hosselkus, Erika. “Cristero Rebellion Martyrs Photo Album and Postcard Collection.” Blog. University of Notre Dame Rare Books & Special Collections (RBSC) (blog). Accessed December 15, 2021. https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/cristero-rebellion-martyrs-photo-album-and-postcard-collection/.

Lehigh University. “Beyond Steel: An Archive of Lehigh Valley Industry and Culture.” Beyond Steel. Accessed September 6, 2023. https://wordpress.lehigh.edu/beyondsteel/.

Nicolopulos, James R. “Introduction to Corridos of the Cristiada.” Accessed July 27, 2023. https://www.laits.utexas.edu/jaime/cwp5/crg/english/intro/index.html.

O’Sullivan, Lucy. “Photographic Postcard Commemorating Antonio Verástegui.” MAVCOR Journal. MAVCOR Center for the Study of Material & Visual Cultures of Religion, October 20, 2021. https://mavcor.yale.edu/mavcor-journal/object-narratives/photographic-postcard-commemorating-antonio-ver-stegui.

Salas, Alfonso. “Fotografias de la Cristiada.” Cristiada a contraluz, February 12, 2023. https://cristiadacontraluz.com/.

Magazines, Newspapers, and Websites

ABBYY’s FineReader PDF. “ABBYY FineReader PDF: The Smarter PDF Solution.” Accessed October 21, 2023. https://pdf.abbyy.com/.

“About – Archdiocese of Philadelphia.” Accessed May 2, 2024. https://archphila.org/about/.

Adobe. “Adobe Acrobat.” Accessed October 21, 2023. https://www.adobe.com/acrobat.html.

Agren, David. “Mexico’s President Leverages Virgin of Guadalupe for Political Purposes.” National Catholic Reporter, January 29, 2021. https://www.ncronline.org/news/mexicos-president-leverages-virgin-guadalupe-political-purposes.

“Amigo Mio Cafe.” Accessed September 7, 2023. https://www.facebook.com/people/Amigo-Mio-Cafe/100032359437053/.

Ancestry. “U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995 for Ambrosa Duran.” Database. Accessed November 8, 2023. https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/2469/images/2620912?pId=149376373.

Ancestry. “U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995 for Mary Duran.” Database. Accessed November 8, 2023. https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/2469/images/2620912?pId=149376375.

Ash, Audrey, and Casey Tolan. “This Colorado Steel Mill ‘Built the American West,’ but Its Ownership Has Ties to Russia.” CNN Business, April 4, 2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/04/business/colorado-steel-plant-russia-military-invs/index.html.

Association, Texas State Historical, and Cynthia E. Orozco. “Emigrant Agent Acts.” Texas State Historical Association. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/emigrant-agent-acts.

Association, Texas State Historical, and Vivian Elizabeth Smyrl. “McLennan County.” Texas State Historical Association. Accessed February 26, 2024. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/mclennan-county.

Bethlehem Globe-Times. “Charter Granted.” April 27, 1923. Microfilm Collection, Bethlehem Area Public Library.

Bethlehem Globe-Times. “Drunken Mexican Goes on Rampage with Gun.” September 17, 1926. Microfilm Collection, Bethlehem Area Public Library.

Bethlehem Globe-Times. “Mexican Colony to Hold Dance Tonight.” September 15, 1926. Microfilm Collection, Bethlehem Area Public Library.

Bethlehem Globe-Times. “Mexicans Asked to Move.” April 11, 1923. Microfilm Collection, Bethlehem Area Public Library.

Bethlehem Globe-Times. “More Mexicans Arrive.” April 25, 1923. Microfilm Collection, Bethlehem Area Public Library.

Bethlehem Globe-Times. “Steel Corporation Gets Much Labor from Mexico.” April 27, 1923. Microfilm Collection, Bethlehem Area Public Library.

Boyce, Dan. “Pueblo’s Steel Mill Was A Melting Pot Of Ethnic Diversity In Colorado 100 Years Ago.” Colorado Public Radio, July 23, 2019. https://www.cpr.org/2019/07/23/pueblos-steel-mill-was-a-melting-pot-of-ethnic-diversity-in-colorado-100-years-ago/.

“Calisto Ocampo Ramos, ‘México, Jalisco, Registro Civil, 1857-2000’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed January 23, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QG74-5MFP.

“Calisto Ocampo Ramos, ‘México, Jalisco, Registro Civil, 1857-2000’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed January 23, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QG7J-9KMJ.

“Calisto Ocampo Ramos, ‘México, Jalisco, Registro Civil, 1857-2000’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed January 23, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QG74-5MFP.

“Calixto Campos, ‘México, Jalisco, Registro Civil, 1857-2000’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed January 23, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QGWZ-68NV.

“Calixto Ocampo, ‘México Censo Nacional, 1930’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed January 23, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M2RY-J2F.

“Calixto Ocampo Ramos, ‘México, Jalisco, Registro Civil, 1857-2000’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed January 23, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QGWC-PPVN.

“Calixto Ocampo Ramos, ‘México, Jalisco, Registro Civil, 1857-2000’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed January 23, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QGWD-LKLZ.

“Calixto Ocampo, ‘United States 1950 Census’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed January 23, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6X17-W78R.

Cantelmi Long Funeral Homes. “Obituary for Anita Carla Duran.” Accessed September 7, 2023. https://www.cantelmifuneralhome.com/obituary/AnitaCarla-Duran.

Cantelmi Long Funeral Homes. “Obituary for Gloria Alvarez.” Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.cantelmifuneralhome.com/obituary/Gloria-Alvarez.

Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles. “Our History | Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles.” Accessed December 26, 2023. https://carmelitesistersocd.com/about/history/.

Carmona Dávila, Doralicia. “Memoria Política de México.” Accessed July 14, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1928-ConstCrist.html.

Catholic Online. “St. José Luis Sánchez Del Río.” Accessed September 5, 2023. https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=46079.

Condes, Yvonne. “A Centuries-Old Legacy of Mutual Aid Lives On in Mexican American Communities.” PBS SoCal, June 24, 2021. https://www.pbssocal.org/shows/lost-la/a-centuries-old-legacy-of-mutual-aid-lives-on-in-mexican-american-communities.

Corwyn, John. “Mexican Secret Police to Watch Pilgrims Here.” The Chicago Tribune, June 18, 1926. Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/image/355066658.

Democrat and Chronicle. “Bethlehem Steel Hires Thousand Mexican Hands: Shortage of Labor Compels Corporation to Employ Aliens in Plants.” April 27, 1923. Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/image/135652648.

Echovita. “Louisa Duran Obituary (1930-2019) from Allentown, PA.” Database. Accessed September 7, 2023. https://www.echovita.com/us/obituaries/pa/allentown/louisa-duran-8902133.

El Informador. “San Martín de las Flores, Tierra de Antaño.” El Informador: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento, February 20, 2011. https://www.informador.mx/Jalisco/San-Martin-de-las-Flores-tierra-de-antano-20110220-0207.html.

El Tucsonense. “Ayer Debió Haberse Efectuado Otra Conferencia.” June 18, 1929. Archived issues are available in digital format from the Library of Congress Chronicling America online collection. Library of Congress Chronicling America Online Collection. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn95060694/1929-06-18/ed-1/seq-1/.

Empire of Steel: Bethlehem in Latin America with Cory Fischer Hoffman, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwkH2bQ-iPc.

“Epiderman Deleon, ‘United States Census, 1940’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed March 3, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KQ7C-LGQ.

“Epigmenio G. DeLeon (1905-1992) – Find a Grave…” Accessed March 3, 2024. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/170420365/epigmenio_g-deleon.

Facebook. “Shmuel Gonzales.” Social Media. Accessed April 2, 2023. https://www.facebook.com/ShmuelGonzales/posts/pfbid02is5knCk3mJQQTDW93QcTPqmMP1aGqPPYs6hKd6Rnd2jUfofzz3M5uC6Sb9Wqrihal.

Family Search. “Agustin Durán, ‘México Censo Nacional, 1930.’” Database. Accessed September 17, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M2RY-L3R.

Family Search. “Augustine Duran, ‘United States 1950 Census.’” Database. Accessed September 9, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6XBK-FGW1.

Family Search. “Concepcion A. Duran Obituary, United States, Genealogy Bank Obituaries, Births, and Marriages 1980-2014.” Database. Accessed September 9, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVRP-G5MG.

Family Search. “Concepcion Macias, ‘México Censo Nacional, 1930.’” Database. Accessed September 17, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M2RY-L3T.

Family Search. “David Ramos, ‘United States Census, 1930.’” Database. Accessed September 9, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHZ8-21S.

Family Search. “Domingo Ramos, ‘United States Census, 1930.’” Database. Accessed September 7, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHZ8-21Q.

Family Search. “Doroteo Duran, ‘United States Census, 1930.’” Database. Accessed September 9, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHZ8-J6S.

Family Search. “Emilio Ramos, ‘Find A Grave Index.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2B1-5Y2B.

Family Search. “Emilio Ramos in Entry for Calixta Ramos Anton, ‘Mexico, Jalisco, Civil Registration, 1857-2000.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QGW4-4KWD.

Family Search. “Emilio Ramos in Entry for Felipe Ramos Anton, ‘Mexico, Jalisco, Civil Registration, 1857-2000.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QGWC-LTXB.

Family Search. “Emilio Ramos in Entry for Lucíano Ramos Anton, ‘Mexico, Jalisco, Civil Registration, 1857-2000.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QGW4-1TWM.

Family Search. “Emilio Ramos in Entry for Tiofilo Ramos Anton, ‘Mexico, Jalisco, Catholic Church Records, 1590-1979.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6DJQ-8HLD.

Family Search. “Emilio Ramos Toscano, ‘Mexico, Jalisco, Civil Registration, 1857-2000.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QGWD-5F8Y.

Family Search. “Francisco Ramos, ‘United States Census, 1930.’” Database. Accessed September 7, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHZ8-217.

Family Search. “Frank Ramos, ‘United States 1950 Census.’” Database. Accessed September 11, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6XBK-4Z4K.

Family Search. “Joseph Lazaro, ‘United States 1950 Census.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6XBK-C9QM.

Family Search. “Lucy Lazaro, ‘United States 1950 Census.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6XBK-C9Q9.

Family Search. “Lucy Ramos, ‘United States 1950 Census.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6XBK-C4CL.

Family Search. “Lucy Ramos, ‘United States Census, 1930.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHZZ-7QC.

Family Search. “Lucy Remus, ‘United States Census, 1940.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KQ7C-LLB.

Family Search. “Ma Luz Anton, ‘Mexico, Jalisco, Civil Registration, 1857-2000.’” Database. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QGWD-5FDT.

Family Search. “Manuel Fregosa, ‘United States Census, 1920.’” Database. Accessed November 7, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MXLZ-LYX.

Family Search. “Manuel Fregoso, ‘United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918.’” Database. Accessed November 7, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:W6SX-LVZM.

Family Search. “Maria M. Duran, ‘United States Census, 1930.’” Database. Accessed September 9, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHZ8-J6M.

Family Search. “Pedro Fregoso, ‘México Censo Nacional, 1930.’” Database. Accessed November 7, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M2R8-L12.

Family Search. “Pedro Fregoso Perales, ‘México, Jalisco, Registro Civil, 1857-2000.’” Database. Accessed November 7, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QG7X-WSZN.

Family Search. “Ricardo Durán Pajarito, ‘Mexico, Distrito Federal, Civil Registration, 1832-2005.’” Database. Accessed September 10, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QG4R-M6L9.

Family Search. “Ricardo Duran Pajarito, ‘Mexico, Jalisco, Civil Registration, 1857-2000.’” Database. Accessed September 10, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QGWZ-SKLJ.

Family Search. “Ricardo P. Duran, ‘United States Census, 1930.’” Database. Accessed September 9, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHZ8-JD1.

Family Search. “Victoria Duran, ‘United States 1950 Census.’” Database. Accessed September 11, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6XBK-4Z4L.

FamilySearch. “B Urbana Ramos, ‘United States Census, 1930.’” Database. Accessed September 9, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHZ8-213.

FamilySearch. “Francisco Fregosa, ‘United States Census, 1920.’” Database. Accessed November 8, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MXLZ-LYN.

FamilySearch. “Francisco Fregoso, ‘United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918.’” Database. Accessed November 8, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZKD-F3J.

FamilySearch. “Ricardo Durán, ‘México Censo Nacional, 1930.’” Database. Accessed September 7, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M2RY-L3P.

FamilySearch. “Sara Fregoso, ‘México, Jalisco, Registro Civil, 1857-2000.’” Database. Accessed November 7, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QG7X-WSDL.

“Felicitas Dominguez, ‘México, San Luis Potosí, Registro Civil, 1859-2000’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed March 3, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QG9X-PRR8.

Felt. “The Best Way to Work with Maps on the Internet.” Accessed August 11, 2023. https://felt.com.

“Ferdando Deleon, ‘United States Census, 1920’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed March 3, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MH1M-T1N.

“Fernando de Leon, ‘México, San Luis Potosí, Registro Civil, 1859-2000’ • FamilySearch.” Accessed March 3, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QG9F-7L31.

Find a Grave. “Rev Remigio Roldán (1891-1960).” Database. Accessed October 9, 2023. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/14264069/remigio-roldan.

Find a Grave. “Jennie Irene Peters DeLeon (1917-1978) – Find a…” Accessed March 4, 2024. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/170420384/jennie_irene-deleon.

Flourish. “Data Visualization & Storytelling.” Accessed August 11, 2023. https://flourish.studio/.

Godman, Peter. “Graham Greene’s Vatican Dossier.” The Atlantic, July 1, 2001, sec. Global. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/07/graham-greenes-vatican-dossier/302264/.

How to Trint – Transcribing with Trint, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3PU8ZMp2Yc.

Hurst, David. “Rosedale: 100 Years | The Downfall of ‘Fighting Joe’ Cauffiel.” The Tribune-Democrat, August 28, 2023. https://www.tribdem.com/news/rosedale-100-years-the-downfall-of-fighting-joe-cauffiel/article_0aaab66c-3c60-11ee-be3c-4fd79b8e1d2f.html.

Intelligencer Journal. “Bethlehem Steel Imports Mexicans: Thousands Employed at Unskilled Labor; No Immigration Ban.” April 28, 1923. Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/image/557289312.

Internet Archive. “Our Patrons | Blessed José Sanchez Del Río Minor Seminary,” March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092208/http://www.iveminorseminary.org/index.cfm?load=page&page=157.

Introducing the New Transkribus, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mv7_pYDK5E.

Ironwood Daily Globe. “Bethlehem Steel to Import Mexican Men: Labor Situation Solved, Says Company President.” April 28, 1923. Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/image/55502408.

Knight Lab. “Timeline JS.” Accessed August 13, 2022. https://timeline.knightlab.com/.

Knights of Columbus. “History of Council 313.” Accessed May 29, 2023. https://www.kofc313.com/history313.

Kunsman, K., and Fran Kittek. “Faithful Remember Azteca Club Demolition of Condemned Club Under Way at South Side Site.” The Morning Call, June 29, 1993. NewsBank Access World News.

KWBU. “The Long and Forgotten History of Texas’ Mutualistas,” December 23, 2016. https://www.kwbu.org/local-news/2016-12-23/the-long-and-forgotten-history-of-texas-mutualistas.

La Prensa. “Alaska. Comidas Gratuitas. Comidas Libres. Alaska Packers Associacion. San Francisco, Cal.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “¡Atención Betabeleros!  Northern Sugar Corporation, Mason, City Iowa.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “Atención: Betabeleros, Betabeleros. National Labor Agency.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “Atención–Atención, Betabeleros Para Iowa $25.00 Por Acre y Bonos. International Labor Bureau.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “Aviso Betabeleros: La American Sugar Company de Rocky Ford, Colorado.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “Betabeleros Para Michigan, Pasaje Gratis Ida y Vuelta. Compañía Azucareras ‘Colombia’ y ‘Holland’ San Antonio Labor Agency. M. L. Osborn (El Colorado).” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “International Employment Agency. C. G. Garza, Gerente.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “Los Trabajadores Mexicanos Despiertan El Celo de Los Obreros de Pensilvania.” April 12, 1923.

La Prensa. “Para Michigan: Forth Worth, Texas. Michigan Labor Agency.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “Para Michigan, Houston, Texas. Michigan Labor Agency. E. P. Leal, Gerente.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “Pasaje Libre Ida y Vuelta. Michigan Sugar Co. Saginaw, Mich. Ignacio M. Garza.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “Se Necesitan Trabajadores. ¡ Betabeleros! Pasaje de Ida y Vuelta, Gratis. A Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming & Montana. Gulf Coast Employment Service.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “Se Necesitan Trabajadores. The Great Western Sugar Company. Denver, Colorado.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “Se Reanudan Este Año Las Salidas En Nuestras Oficinas. Carnegie Steel Co. Pittsburgh, PA and The Great Western, Sugar Co. Eduardo Aldrete.” March 30, 1924. GenealogyBank.com.

La Prensa. “Ya Empieza La Epoca de Trabajo Para Los Braceros Mexicanos.” April 4, 1923.

La Voz de Michoacán. “10 de febrero, Día de San José Sánchez del Río: el niño mártir de Sahuayo, muerto en la guerra de los cristeros.” February 10, 2023, sec. Religión. https://www.lavozdemichoacan.com.mx/michoacan/religion-michoacan/10-de-febrero-dia-de-san-jose-sanchez-del-rio-el-nino-martir-de-sahuayo-muerto-en-la-guerra-de-los-cristeros/.

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Murals

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Music

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———. “Rebelión Cristera (2 of 3) – UNM CSWR Fondo Plutarco Elías Calles 1877-1945 (FAPECFT).” Documents from the Archivos Plutarco Elias Calles and Fernando Torreblanca (Post-Revolutionary Mexico), Archivos históricos digitalizados Plutarco Elías Calles y Fernando Torreblanca (Época Posrevolucionaria de México). University of New Mexico Center for Southwest Research and Special Collections (CSWR). Accessed July 10, 2023. https://econtent.unm.edu/digital/collection/fapecft/id/8180/rec/9.

Fregoso Sandoval, Sarita, Aurelia Fregoso Sandoval, and Sara Ruiz (Carvajal Fregoso). Oral Interview. Interview by Dominic Guerrero. Zoom, August 21, 2023.

Galeria de martires mexicanos: narraciones veridicas. San Antonio, Tex.: Imprenta Universal, 1927.

Gamio, Manuel. Mexican Immigration to the United States: A Study of Human Migration and Adjustment. New York: Dover Publications, 1971.

———. The Life Story of the Mexican Immigrant: Autobiographic Documents. New York: Dover Publications, 1971.

Geografía (INEGI), Instituto Nacional de Estadística y. “Censo General de Habitantes 1921.” Website. Censo General de Habitantes 1921. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. INEGI, November 30, 1921. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/1921/.

———. “Quinto Censo de Población 1930.” Quinto Censo de Población 1930. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. INEGI, May 15, 1930. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/1930/#Tabulados.

———. “Sexto Censo de Población 1940.” Sexto Censo de Población 1940. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. INEGI, March 6, 1940. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/1940/#Tabulados.

González Flores, Anacleto. “1926 En La Cárcel. Anacleto González Flores.” Memoria Política de México. Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926-GFA.html.

———. Anacleto González Flores. Tu Serás  Rey, 1926. http://archive.org/details/https1drv.msbsaiwobbigobvth999sx3trqlsvclbh0wen8k2mi.

———. El plebiscito de los mártires. 2. ed. México: Comité Central de la A.C.J.M., 1961.

Gorostieta, Luz María Pérez, and Juan Rodolfo Sánchez Gómez, eds. Cartas del General Enrique Gorostieta a Gertrudis Lasaga. Libros UANL. San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico: Libros UANL, 2013. https://libros.uanl.mx/index.php/u/catalog/book/51.

Iglesias González, Román, ed. Planes políticos, proclamas, manifiestos y otros documentos de la Independencia al México moderno, 1812-1940. Mexico, D.F: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, 1998.

“Iniquis Afflictisque (November 18, 1926) | Pius XI.” Accessed July 8, 2023. https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_18111926_iniquis-afflictisque.html.

Kaufmann & Fabry Co. “XXVIII International Eucharistic Congress, First General Meeting, Solemn Pontifical High Mass; His Eminence John Cardinal Bonzano, Celebrant; Choir, 60,000 Parochial School Children; Soldiers’ Field, June 21, 1926, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.,” 1926. Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2007663395/.

Kenny, Michael. The Mexican Crisis, Its Causes and Consequences. Brooklyn, New York: International Catholic Truth Society, 1927. http://archive.org/details/mexicancrisisits00kenn_0.

Knights of Columbus. Supreme Council. Mexico? New Haven, Connecticut: Knights of Columbus, 1926. http://archive.org/details/mexico00knig.

———. Red Mexico: The Facts. New Haven, Connecticut: Knights of Columbus, Supreme Council, 1926. http://archive.org/details/redmexicofacts00knig_5.

Léon Rodríguez Durán, Mónica de. Oral Interview. Interview by Dominic Guerrero. Zoom, August 21, 2023.

Mediateca – Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. “Corrido de Quirino Navarro.” Accessed August 28, 2022. https://mediateca.inah.gob.mx/repositorio/islandora/object/musica%3A409.

Memoria Política de México. “1924 Orden Del Presidente Obregón Para Que Se Proceda Contra Quienes Violaron Las Leyes de Reforma Con Motivo Del Congreso Eucarístico.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1924-AO-LR-CE.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1925 Programa de La Liga Nacional Defensora de La Libertad Religiosa. Marzo 14 de 1925.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1925-P-LNDLR.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Carta Del Presidente Plutarco Elías Calles al Arzobispo de México y al Obispo de Tabasco.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926-PEC-CAM.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Declaraciones Del Presidente Calles Acerca de La Actitud Del Clero. Julio 26 de 1926.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926-D-PEC-AC-VS-C.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Declaraciones Publicadas En El Universal Ilustrado.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926UNI.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Ley Sobre Delitos y Faltas En Materia de Culto Religioso y Disciplina Externa.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926-L-FMCR.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Manifiesto de Sacerdotes Mexicanos.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926MSM.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Memorial Presentado a La Cámara de Diputados Por El Episcopado.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926-MCD-E.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 No Mandéis a Vuestros Hijos a Las Escuelas de Gobierno. Panfleto Anónimo.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926-EscPan.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Nov 26 Manifiesto de René Capistrán Garza Que Convoca al Levantamiento Cristero.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/26111926.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Pastoral Colectiva de Los Obispos Mexicanos Anunciando El Cierre de Templos. Julio 25 de 1926.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926-PCOM-CT.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Programa de Acción Económico-Social Católica de La Liga de Defensa Religiosa. (Convocatoria a Boicot). México, Julio 23 de 1926.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926-boicot-LDR.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Proposiciones Del Episcopado al Presidente Calles Sobre Un Arreglo Definitivo Del Conflicto.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926PEC-PEpis.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Protesta Del Episcopado Mexicano. Febrero 8 de 1926.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926-P-EM.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Proyecto de Ley Reglamentaria Del Artículo 130.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926PLR.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1926 Sacerdotes Mexicanos Piden Se Sujeten a Un Referéndum Los Preceptos En Materia Religiosa Contenidos En La Constitución de 1917.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926-RefC.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1927 Mensaje Cifrado de René Capistrán Garza al Comité Directivo de La Liga Nacional Defensora de La Libertad Religiosa.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1927-MC-RCG-CD-LNDLR.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1927 Mensaje de Año Nuevo Plutarco Elías Calles, 1^o de Enero de 1927.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1927MAN.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1928 Manifiesto a La Nación En El Que El General Cristero Enrique Gorostieta Informa Que Acepta El Nombramiento de Jefe Militar Del Movimiento Libertador Otorgado Por La Liga Nacional Defensora de La Libertad Religiosa.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1918-LDLR-EG.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1928 Manifiesto a La Nación Los Altos, Jalisco, 4 de Agosto de 1928. Enrique Gorostieta.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1928MAN.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1929 Como Resolvió El Gobierno Provisional El Conflicto Con El Clero Católico. Emilio Portes Gil. 1929.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1929-GC-PGE.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1929 Declaraciones Del Presidente Portes Gil y Del Arzobispo Ruiz y Flores Sobre El Conflicto Religioso.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1929MNR.html.

Memoria Política de México. “1934 Manifiesto a La Nación de La Liga Nacional de La Lucha Contra El Fanatismo Religioso.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1934MLF.html.

Memoria Política de México. “Carta Del Arzobispo Mora y Del Río En Nombre Del Episcopado Mexicano al Presidente Calles.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1926-CAM-EM-C.html.

Memoria Política de México. “El Gobierno Federal Expulsa al Delegado Apostólico Philippi Por Violar La Constitución de La República.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/130123-VyT.html.

Memoria Política de México. “Se Da a Conocer La Creación de La Liga Defensora de La Libertad Religiosa 14 de Marzo de 1925.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/3/14031925-LigaDR.html.

Memoria Política de MéxicoMemoria Política de México. “1925  Informe de Tito Crespi a Pietro Gasparri La Disposición Del Presidente Calles.” Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/6Revolucion/1925-I-TC-PG-PEC.html.

Mendoza Barragán, Ezequiel. JM15: Oral History Interview with Ezequiel Mendoza Barragán, 6.35mm open reel audiotape, 1968 November 8 | Hesburgh Libraries. Interview by Jean Meyer. Open Reel Audiotape, November 8, 1968. Jean Meyer Cristero Rebellion Oral History Collection (MSH/LAT 0089) Box: 1, Folder: 2 (Mixed Materials). University of Notre Dame Rare Books & Special Collections Repository. https://archivesspace.library.nd.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/873533.

———. Testimonio cristero: memorias del autor. 2. ed. México: Editorial Jus, 1990.

México y Su Gente. DVD, 1926. https://archivesspace.library.nd.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/873568.

Meyer, Jean A., ed. El Coraje cristero: testimonios. 2a. ed. Colotlán, Jalisco, México: Universidad de Guadalajara, Campus Universitario del Norte, 2001.

“Miranda Prorsus (September 8, 1957) | PIUS XII.” Accessed October 15, 2023. https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_08091957_miranda-prorsus.html.

“Montavon, William Frederick, 1874-1959 | The Online Books Page.” Accessed July 19, 2023. https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Montavon%2C%20William%20Frederick%2C%201874%2D1959&c=x.

Montavon, William Frederick and National Catholic Welfare Conference. The Church in Mexico Protests. Washighton, DC: National Catholic Welfare Conference, 1934. http://archive.org/details/churchinmexicopr00mont_0.

Mulholland, Thomas. “New York Port Office Annual Report: July 1, 1927, to June 30, 1928.” New York, United States: N.C.W.C. Bureau of Imigration, July 1, 1927. JSTOR’s Open Community Collections. Center for Migration Studies of New York. https://jstor.org/stable/community.36800485.

“National Catholic Welfare Conference Bureau of Immigration Director Bruce Mohler Posing with Refugee Nuns from Mexico,” March 8, 1926. The National Catholic Welfare Conference, Department of Immigration Records CMS.023B, Box 11. Center for Migration Studies of New York.

Navarrete, Heriberto. “Por Dios y por la Patria” memorias de mi participación en la defensa de la libertad de conciencia y culto, durante la persecución religiosa en Mexico de 1926 a 1929. 5. ed. Mexico: Br.edición, 2016.

Ochoa, Jesus Enrique. Los Cristeros del Volcán de Colima: escenas de la lucha por la libertad religiosa en México, 1926-1929. 2. ed. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Colección Figuras y episodios de la historia de México. Mexico: Editorial Jus, 1961.

———. Los Cristeros del Volcán de Colima: escenas de la lucha por la libertad religiosa en México, 1926-1929. 2. ed. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Colección Figuras y episodios de la historia de México. Mexico: Editorial Jus, 1961.

“Pascendi Dominici Gregis (September 8, 1907) | PIUS X.” Accessed July 29, 2024. https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-x/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_19070908_pascendi-dominici-gregis.html.

“Pittsburgh Catholic Archives.” Accessed June 6, 2023. https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=pghcatholic.

Plazewski, Fr. Len. Oral Interview. Interview by Dominic Guerrero. Zoom, December 20, 2022.

Portes Gil, Emilio. Autobiografía de La Revolución: Un Tratado de Interpretación Histórica /. Colección Memorias y Testimonios. INEHRM, 2003. https://www.antorcha.net/biblioteca_virtual/historia/autobiografia/8_10.html.

“Priests Returning from Los Angeles to Mexico,” July 5, 1929. Julia G. Young Personal Archive.

Ramírez de Olivas, Manuel. Gesta Cristera: Memorias Del Coronel Manuel Ramírez de Olivas. Edited by Laura Luna. 1st ed. Zamora, Michoacán: Self Published, 2019.

Ramos, Graciela. Oral Interview. Interview by Dominic Guerrero. Phone, February 12, 2023.

Ramos Nájera, Alejandro. Oral Interview. Interview by Dominic Guerrero. Zoom, February 3, 2024.

Reguer, Consuelo. Dios y mi derecho: Año de 1932-Año de 1933-Situación de la Liga Nacional Defensora de la Libertad Segundo Levantamiento-Año de 1934 Año de 1935-Año de 1936-Ultimos años. 1. ed. Vol. 4. 4 vols. México: Editorial Jus, 1997.

———. Dios y mi derecho: Antecedentes-Epopeya Cristera-Clímax de la Epopeya Cristera Obispos-Boletines y Documentos. 1. ed. Vol. 1. 4 vols. México: Editorial Jus, 1997.

———. Dios y mi derecho: Los Arreglos. (Primera parte)-Los Arreglos. (Segunda parte) Fin del año 1930-Año 1931-Educación. 1. ed. Vol. 3. 4 vols. México: Editorial Jus, 1997.

———. Dios y mi derecho: Luis Segura Vilchis-Fusilamientos-Año 1927-Año 1928 Asesinato de Obregón-Año 1928 (Continuación)-Año 1929. 1. ed. Vol. 2. 4 vols. México: Editorial Jus, 1997.

“Rerum Novarum (May 15, 1891) | Leo XIII.” Accessed October 1, 2022. https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum.html.

Rinaldi, Felice. Nel Messico martoriato: fine gloriosa del p. Michele Agostino Pro d.C.d.G. e compagni fucilati a Messico il 23 novembre 1927. Roma: La Civiltà Cattolica, 1928.

Rius Facius, Antonio. La juventud católica y la Revolución Mejicana, 1910-1925. 1. ed. Colección México heroico. Méjico: Editorial Jus, 1963.

———. Méjico Cristero: Historia de la ACJM 1925 a 1931. México, D.F.: Editorial Patria, 1960.

Rodríguez, Cristóbal. La lglesia católica y la rebelión cristera en Mexico (1926-1929). La voz de Juárez, 1960. http://archive.org/details/rodriguez-cristobal.-la-iglesia-catolica-y-la-rebelion-cristera-en-mexico-1960.

Rodríguez Durán, Eva Victoria Rodríguez. Oral Interview. Interview by Dominic Guerrero. Zoom, August 21, 2023.

Salas, Alfonso. “Fotografias de la Cristiada.” Cristiada a contraluz, February 12, 2023. https://cristiadacontraluz.com/.

Semi-Centennial, the Borough of South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Souvenir History 1865-1915. South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Quinlin Printing Co., 1915. http://archive.org/details/south_bethlehem_semi_centennial.

Summerville, Hugo L. “Shipment to Beet Fields in Colorado. Shipped by R.C. Burbank Labor Agency, 1308 W. Commerce St., San Antonio, Tex.” San Antonio, Texas, 1924. Goldbeck, E. O. (Eugene Omar). Papers and Photography Collection. Hugo L. Summerville and Charles Steele Negatives Collection.  Collection Number: PH-00366. The Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin.

———. “The C. Campa Labor Agency & W. J. Lewis, of the Alamo City Employment Agency, 1401 W. Commerce St. and 111 North Frio Street, San Antonio, Texas, Distributing Bread Three Times a Day to Mexicans Who Are in Distress Waiting to Be Sent to a Job.” San Antonio, Texas, March 22, 1924. Goldbeck, E. O. (Eugene Omar). Papers and Photography Collection. Hugo L. Summerville and Charles Steele Negatives Collection. Collection Number: PH-00366. Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin.

Taylor, Paul. “Making Cántaros at San José Tateposco, Jalisco, Mexico.” American Anthropologist 35, no. 4 (1933): 745–51. https://www.jstor.org/stable/661942.

Taylor, Paul S. Mexican Labor in the United States: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Vol. 7. 7 vols. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1931. https://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A32404/.

“Testem Benevolentiae (22 Ianuarii 1899) | LEO XIII.” Accessed July 29, 2024. https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/la/letters/documents/hf_l-xiii_let_18990122_testem-benevolentiae.html.

Vary, George W. American Citizenship. Bethlehem Steel Company, 1926.

White, Alma. Heroes of the Fiery Cross. Zarephath, N.J.: The Good Citizen, 1928. https://archive.org/details/heroes-of-the-firey-cross/mode/2up.

———. Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty. Zarephath, N.J.: The Good Citizen, 1926. https://archive.org/details/dudeman5685_yahoo_LGOL.

———, ed. The Good Citizen. Zarephath, N.J.: Pillar of Fire Church, n.d.

———. The Ku Klux Klan in Prophecy. Zarephath, N.J.: Good citizen, 1925. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/4141116.html.

———. The Story of My Life and the Pillar of Fire. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Zarephath, N.J.: Pillar of Fire, 1935.

———. The Story of My Life and the Pillar of Fire. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Zarephath, N.J.: Pillar of Fire, 1935.

Wolcott, Marion Post. “Mexican Coal Miner and His Friend’s Son. Bertha Hill, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. United States–West Virginia–Bertha Hill, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017799469/.

———. “Mexican Miner and Child, Bertha Hill, Scotts Run, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. –  United States–West Virginia–Monongalia County–Scotts Run, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017753035/.

———. “Mexican Miner, Bertha Hill, Scotts Run, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. –  United States–West Virginia–Monongalia County–Scotts Run, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017752855/.

———. “Mexican Miner, Bertha Hill, Scotts Run, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. –  United States–West Virginia–Monongalia County–Scotts Run, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017752889/.

———. “Mexican Miner, Bertha Hill, Scotts Run, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. –  United States–West Virginia–Monongalia County–Scotts Run, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017752873/.

———. “Mexican Miner Protesting ‘I Don’t Want to Just Grow up to Rust and Die.’ He’s Fifty Years Old. Scotts Run, Bertha Hill, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. –  United States–West Virginia–Monongalia County–Scotts Run, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017799604/.

———. “Mexican Miner’s Children Feeding Chickens in the Kitchen. Their Mother Is Thirty Years Old and Has Had Ten Children. Scotts Run, Bertha Hill, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. –  United States–West Virginia–Monongalia County–Scotts Run, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017799575/.

———. “Mexican Miners Looking at ‘Funny Papers.’ Bertha Hill, Scotts Run, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. –  United States–West Virginia–Monongalia County–Scotts Run, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017753204/.

———. “Mexican Miner’s Son. Bertha Hill, Scotts Run, West Virginia.” 1 negative : nitrate ; 2 1/4 x 2 1/4 inches or smaller. United States–West Virginia–Bertha Hill, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017799328/.

———. “Mexican Miner’s Wife and Child Are Visited by Another Miner’s Wife (Hungarian) Who Is Interested in Starting a Maternal Health Clinic There. Scotts Run, Bertha Hill, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. –  United States–West Virginia–Monongalia County–Scotts Run, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017753246/.

———. “Mexican Miner’s Wife Making Stew. Scotts Run, Bertha Hill, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. United States–West Virginia–Bertha Hill, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017799603/.

———. “Mexican Miner’s Wife. She Doesn’t Speak English. Scotts Run, Bertha Hill, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. United States–West Virginia–Bertha Hill, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017753255/.

———. “Son of Mexican Miner in Backyard, Scotts Run, Bertha Hill, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. United States–West Virginia–Bertha Hill, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017753244/.

———. “Untitled Photo, Possibly Related to: Mexican Miner and Child, Bertha Hill, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. United States–West Virginia–Bertha Hill, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017752778/.

———. “Untitled Photo, Possibly Related to: Mexican Miner and Child, Bertha Hill, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. –  United States–West Virginia–Monongalia County–Scotts Run, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017799327/.

———. “Untitled Photo, Possibly Related to: Mexican Miner and Child, Bertha Hill, West Virginia.” 1 negative: nitrate; 35 mm. –  United States–West Virginia–Monongalia County–Scotts Run, 1938. Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017752778/.

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Theses and Dissertations

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Dodson, Julian. “Fanáticos, Exiles and the Mexico-U.S. Border: Episodes of Mexican State Reconstruction, 1923-1929.” PhD diss., The University of New Mexico, 2015. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/23.

Ellstrand, Nathan. “Reclaiming the Patria: Sinarquismo in the United States, 1936-1966.” PhD diss., Loyola University Chicago, 2022. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3921.

Elmore, Maggie Jane. “Claiming the Cross: How Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Catholic Church Worked to Create a More Inclusive National State, 1923-1986.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2017. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1z96x52z.

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Sanchez-Walker, Marjorie. “Migration Quicksand: Immigration Law and Immigration Advocates at the El Paso -Ciudad Juárez Border Crossing, 1933–1941.” PhD diss., Washington State University, 1999. https://www.proquest.com/docview/304539428/abstract/C089389F54874F8CPQ/4?sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses.

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